Chapter 17 is devoted to the Protection of the Oceans, all kinds of Seas, including enclosed seas and coastal areas and the protection, rational use and development of their living resources. Coastal Development One of the biggest threats to remaining mangrove forests is coastal development. E Integrating Population, Health, and Environment Interventions in the Philippines: The People and Environment Coexistence Development Project. Kenya, Liberia, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico, have lost over 70 percent of their mangroves.14. Damming rivers can also have negative environmental effects, such as soil erosion and destruction of ecosystems that support various fish and marine mammals. They manage but do not necessarily prevent erosion. But higher population densities may have beneficial effects as well: As population grows, some governments make greater investments in infrastructure such as sewer lines and sewage treatment plants that ultimately reduce levels of environmental contamination. Box 1 Breaking the marine food chain reduces vital supplies of protein for about 1 billion people, most of whom live in developing countries.27, Yet restricting fishing rights and access to coastal waters in order to project marine fauna may harm vulnerable groups of people. Policymakers and program managers can take several steps to address and integrate population concerns into their coastal management efforts. Integrated coastal management (ICM), an internationally accepted approach to managing resources that is based on the United States 1972 Coastal Zone Management Act, allows policymakers and planners to take population issues into account when looking at the pressures, threats, and opportunities facing coastal areas. WebDevelopment activities can have significant impacts on the processes and ecological values of coastal areas including beaches, dunes and foreshores. (We dont have to go far for an example of this latter issue just think of the effects of upstream water diversions in the Apalachicola River system on the downstream oyster fishermen.). Official websites use .gov The common thread throughout these activities is a long-standing interest in generating information that can enhance the effectiveness of conservation and management decisions. Baseline studies assessing the threats to coastal areas should include data on population and the environment, indigenous peoples concerns, applicable legislation and the agencies involved, gender concerns, and socioeconomic characteristics of the areas. They have also been able to migrate inland when rapidly rising seas have overcome their ability to keep up. The first question we should ask ourselves is this: what are the benefits of coastal tourism? WebTen Principles for Coastal Development - Urban Land Institute Can create erosion further down the coast. Some of the benefits of soft stabilization approaches include: maintaining natural shoreline dynamics and healthy sand movement across a coastal cell; trapping sand to rebuild eroded shorelines or maintain current shoreline form; In the Caribbean, for instance, diving tourism has helped raise awareness about the need for reef conservation. We are hoping that this study will stimulate regional conservation and land-use planning discussions regarding landward migration corridors for tidal saline wetlands, said Enwright. If not properly managed, development can result in pollution, deforestation, and inadequate management of soil, water, pesticides, and fertilizers. @2017 - PenciDesign. Improves the strength of the cliff and prevents rocks from falling. However, coastlines are particularly prone to flooding, whereby these fragile ecosystems take a long time to recover if they are degraded or destroyed. How many sediment cells and SMP's are there in the UK? Like other countries, Mexico's coastline is highly valued A lock icon ( Monitoring coastal changes and then using adaptation or mitigation to respond to the observed differences. Recent estimates indicate that over 34,000 people take glass-bottomed boats to visit the reef every year.3Most reef boats stop to allow visitors to walk on the reef to observe fish, even though reef walks are illegal. Trees, shrubs, and smaller plants have root systems that structurally reinforce and bind soils, reducing their susceptibility to erosion from wind or rain. |+r.xQJtle V\N2dI2*QjWu$p;4k? These wetlands provide positive benefits for nature and society by serving as habitats for fish and wildlife, improving water quality, lessening flooding impacts, supporting coastal food webs, protecting coastlines, as well as providing recreational opportunities. This website is no longer This is where all the coastlines are divided into littoral cells containing sediment sources, transport paths and sinks. There are 11 sediment cells in England and Wales, and there are 22 SMP's, Can you name any of the SMPs around the coastline of the UK. Sadly, the most vulnerable people and coastlines are the losers in less developed countries as they have no way of claiming compensation or there is no coastal management approach in place. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. This page is located more than 3 levels deep within a topic. Why does the coastline need to be managed? The Code mainly resulted as the outcome of the International Conference on Responsible Fishing held in Cancun, Mexico in 1992. The dunes are then replanted with marram and lyme grass to stabilise the surface. 1 - Sea wall on the Isle of Wight, UK. Native plants (i.e., those that originally grew in this area) are adapted to local conditions, and consequently require less maintenance, watering, fertilizer, and pest control than introduced species. Because certain natives thrive in coastal conditions, they may also out-compete and control unwanted invasive species, such as multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), and Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum), all of which tend to take over and require a lot of pulling and weeding to keep a tidy appearance. Increases the distance a wave has to travel, thus slowing it down and preventing erosion. These effects can be positive or negative. The main goal of the article is to present information about the possibilities of the SDB method to meet the demanding standard of Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 is specifically devoted to the protection of the oceans and the protection and rational use and development of their living resources. More than 100 countries many of them small islands rely on the resources that coral reefs provide.1But coral reefs are increasingly threatened by human activity, particularly in developing countries. Managing the wider coastal zone in terms of people and their economic livelihoods, social and cultural well being, safety from coastal hazards and minimising environmental and ecological impacts. The situation is similar in rural Honduras, where women earn about half of what men do.29, Being less visible in their work, women are also less likely to have access to decisionmakers or to be consulted about the management of natural resources. Mangroves, forests of salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in the shallow tidal waters of estuaries and coastal areas in tropical regions, line about 8 percent of the worlds coastlines and 25 percent of the worlds tropical coastlines, where they absorb the impact of storms and offer nutrients for most of the worlds marine life.12 A study by the U.S.-based World Resources Institute found that mangrove loss was strongly correlated with the growth of cities and ports.13 Mangrove forests are also cleared for timber and to make room for fish and shrimp ponds, human settlements, and agricultural and industrial development. Port development e\-_=\^d8N3DS#hotpF}ZU`qfdn_PQY1 PBl2-$4.QzqojWF0[}V;e4a7yeo#s@\7W*dLOGp}fPM^Vf]6 p$,0@`.>G@ Other problems include destructive harvesting methods such as trawling (dragging weighted nets across the sea floor to catch shrimp and bottom-dwelling fish), and bycatch (unintended catch of nontarget species).19 Modern trawling equipment scoops through sediment and rock and often kills the worms, sponges, and other species that live on the seafloor. Evidence links long-term, low-level exposure to certain POPs with reproductive, immunological, neurological, and other problems in marine organisms and humans.25 In Mozambique, for example, more than 100 factories in and around the capital city of Maputo do not have waste treatment plants; toxic wastes, poisons, nondegradable substances, and organic matter are drained into coastal waters.26 These toxins can kill or contaminate marine life; people who eat seafood from polluted areas or who swim in contaminated waters are vulnerable to gastric and other infections. Efforts to balance local interests with national legislation need to consider the socioeconomic context of coastal populations and what role demographic patterns play in the region. In many countries, populations in coastal areas are growing faster than those in noncoastal areas. var s=iw[ce]('script');s.async='async';s.defer='defer';s.charset='utf-8';s.src=wp+"//jsc.mgid.com/t/a/tailieuvan.vn.264917.js?t="+D.getYear()+D.getMonth()+D.getUTCDate()+D.getUTCHours();c[ac](s);})(); (function(){ Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. These may include the value of land, homes and businesses that will be protected. For a CBA, the expected benefits must outweigh the costs for a project to go ahead. The beach is made wider by using sand and shingle. Our region of the Big Bend of Florida is unique in that significant tracts of undeveloped coastal areas remain. Please do not include personal or contact information. From a physical geography perspective, the ICZM works with the concept of littoral cells. Poor women depend especially heavily on fish and fishing. Given its importance, careful consideration needs to be given to managing the coastline to ensure that its resources are utilised wisely while preserving its natural beauty and processes. Plants are therefore an excellent alternative to structural erosion control measures. Of course there are myriad reasons that people live near the coast, including job opportunities, abundant natural resources, culture, and climate. Many species are overharvested because the world fishing fleet is larger than it needs to be. Aside from the more tangible benefits of these ecosystems, mangroves offer value that is much less easily quantified, in the form of aesthetics, culture, spirituality, and recreation. These studies can be conducted using either exhaustive research or rapid assessment techniques. This fall weve been looking at the ecosystem services provided by the various habitats, whether its the food it provides us or the protection they provide us from storm surge. Monitor and Assess Human Impacts on the Marine Environment. Once the marram grass is established, other plants will colonise the area. As the negative impacts of many shoreline management plans (SMP) have become evident, sustainable integrated approaches are becoming more widely used. What is conflict in the context of coastal management? The Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity Programme (CARICOMP), a regional network of marine laboratories, parks, and reserves that studies land-sea interactions, strives to identify which changes in coastal systems are caused by human disturbances and which are simply long-term natural variations. Although urban areas occupy only a small proportion of the catchment (less than 0.01 per cent), much of the development is located on floodplains and within the coastal zone. I love the coast, and I especially love living along the coast. Required to compensate people who lose buildings and farmland. Timberlane Ravine: learn to love dead trees (and trillium! What are the advantages and disadvantages of beach nourishment? otd}OJlNL%N$uq`(QpTqQ[X# H]B.=ny[)yFwxMS~EmW dm61 d4trrUY]bEq8X&i,^gi"< 8N3C_GQ8t As coastal development along the Gulf Coastcontinuesto expand, tidal saline wetlands could have difficulty adjusting to rising sea levels. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. maintained or updated. the management of the coast must be sustainable. The idea of cliff stabilisation is to limit the amount of erosion and the potential for landslides, collapse, and falling rocks. Fig. Therefore a decision to protect one coastal community may not outweigh the disadvantages of exposing another community to increased erosion. ICM attempts to forge a balance between users of water and natural resources while ensuring that long-term environmental health and productivity are not compromised.32 Countries may use ICM to address the depletion of coastal and ocean resources; deal with pollution that endangers public health; distribute the economic benefits of using the coast and ocean; or develop and manage coastal and marine areas that are not yet being exploited. Other coastal protection benefits include savings in damages during storm events, reductions in erosion and reductions in the costs of engineering for coastal Cost-wise they are not too expensive, 150250 (depending on material). The high nutrient content of wastewater discharged into Buccoo Bay and other waters adjacent to the reef has spurred rapid growth of algae, which damages the reef.4High levels of fecal coliform bacteria, which pose a threat to human health, have been measured on certain beaches in the park, indicating that the water has been contaminated with human or animal feces.5, Box 2 Oceans, seas and coastal areas form an integrated and essential component of the Earths ecosystem and are critical to sustainable development. United States, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf (Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), Region 12: Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands). These challenges are particularly acute for island countries, where coasts often comprise the entire territory.6 Such countries may also be threatened by rising sea levels, a possible consequence of climate change. Modern sea walls are designed to dissipate, not reflect, wave energy. It must involve all stakeholders, plan for the long term, and work with the natural processes and not against them. 80!1xR&Y:E7L7V^*5T>aFJ-JPRVpO@wUMw rIVJ,b,c}BrY@u|Vb'Ay7IS.>U~l&#"'{-Odd-x^K 'pH:y weve been looking at the ecosystem services provided by the various habitats, whether its However, its also important to recognize that migration will occur at the expense of adjacent upriver and upslope ecosystems.. Rainera L. Luero and Robert Layng, Understanding Reproductive Health/Natural Resource Management Integration in the Philippines,. Ensure consideration is given to everybody when changes are proposed and then adopted. Brian Voigt, Glossary of Coastal Terminology (March 1998), accessed online at www.csc.noaa.gov/text/glossary.html, on Aug. 15, 2003; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The average population density in coastal areas is about 80 persons per square kilometer, twice the worlds average population density.7 Up to 50 percent of the population in northern Africa and Bangladesh lives in coastal areas; along the Nile Delta, the population density reaches 500 to 1,000 people per square kilometer.8 The additional demands that high population density places on the coasts have meant that higher density is associated with increased risks to marine ecosystems. They cover more than Inexpensive hard engineering structure, but not very effective or attractive. Urbanization has a deleterious effect on mangroves. Create a more consistent water level that can be used for hydroelectricity. Bi lm Regular collection of reliable data to measure the success of management initiatives. To read the full study, which was published in the Ecological Society of Americas journal, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, click here. They can have a step or bullnose profile. This work has been funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) under the MEASURE Communication project (HRN-A-00-98-000001-00). Subscribe to receive more outdoor adventures, and an in depth look at our local forests and waterways by Email. Achieving a balance between top-down legislative authorities and bottom-up community involvement requires understanding issues and maintaining strong links with stakeholders in the area. This includes building structures that are on or near the coast in general for Governance approaches include Shoreline Management Plans (SMPs), Sustainable Integrated Approaches (SIA) and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). White Pelicans Visit Dr. Charles L. Evans Pond in Tallahassee, Nesting Raptors at Honeymoon Island State Park, In Their Words: Black Legacy Communities in North Florida, EcoCitizen Show | Seasons in South Tallahassee, Red Wolf Family Celebrates First Year at the Tallahassee Museum, The Effects of Predators and Fear on Oyster Reefs, Animal Species in a North Florida Intertidal Oyster Reef, In the Grass- Salt Marsh Biodiversity Study, Plants and Animals of a North Florida Salt Marsh, Predatory Snails, and Prey, of the Bay Mouth Bar Seagrass Beds, Apalachicola Bluffs and Ravines | Virtual Field Trip, The Age of Nature Screening & Discussion | The Future of the Apalachicola, Apalachicola RiverTrek | Kayaking, Camping, & Hiking the River Basin, Backyard Blog October through December 2019, The Seasonality of Bees (and Bee Plants) in North Florida, Flies of North Florida are More Diverse than Youd Think, The Case for Weeds, Our Unsung Florida Native Plants. ]1>v_BK;wK;lX?H{;;; HW.%\NASdBa7z&h~zo|Gn"e$!:2\21o65__8R7t;b'pX Nkka 4xlyg'JxnYK%W%nxAU[6N:iMC'G]X~hl3fq Protects cliffs from upland erosion and is a barrier to flooding. 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