On January 1st, 1923, the Rosewood Massacre occurred in central Florida, destroying a predominantly black neighborhood fueled by a false allegation. The Hall family walked 15 miles (24km) through swampland to the town of Gulf Hammock. Sarah, Sylvester, and Willie Carrier. He left the swamps and returned to Rosewood. James' job required him to leave each day during the darkness of early morning. Lynchings reached a peak around the start of the 20th century as southern states were disenfranchising black voters and imposing white supremacy; white supremacists used it as a means of social control throughout the South. She joined her grandmother Carrier at Taylor's home as usual that morning. This legislation assures that the tragedy of Rosewood will never be forgotten by the generations to come.[53]. A mob of several hundred whites combed the countryside hunting for black people and burned almost every structure in Rosewood. Fannie taylor. [3][21], Sylvester Carrier was reported in the New York Times saying that the attack on Fannie Taylor was an "example of what negroes could do without interference". Education had to be sacrificed to earn an income. "Her. He said he did not want his "hands wet with blood". Mother of William Coleman Taylor; Archibald Ritchie Taylor and Philip Taylor. [16] The KKK was strong in the Florida cities of Jacksonville and Tampa; Miami's chapter was influential enough to hold initiations at the Miami Country Club. In The New York Times E.R. The Rosewood massacre was a racially motivated massacre of black people and the destruction of a black town that took place during the first week of January 1923 in rural Levy County, Florida, United States. Rosewood massacre led to 8 people killed (2 whites, 6 blacks) and about 40-150 African Americans wounded survivors after the tragic event. Extrajudicial violence against black residents was so common that it seldom was covered by newspapers. [21], On January 1, 1923, the Taylors' neighbor reported that she heard a scream while it was still dark, grabbed her revolver and ran next door to find Fannie bruised and beaten, with scuff marks across the white floor. The governor's office monitored the situation, in part because of intense Northern interest, but Hardee would not activate the National Guard without Walker's request. The survivors, their descendants, and the perpetrators all remained silent about Rosewood for decades. Mrs. Taylor had a woman 811 Words 3 Pages Decent Essays Comparison of the Rosewood Report to the Rosewood Film Jerome, Richard (January 16, 1995). More than 400 applications were received from around the world. Taylor's claim came within days of a Ku Klux Klan rally near Gainesville, just to the north of Levy County. [40] A few editorials appeared in Florida newspapers summarizing the event. [citation needed]. So how did the attack on African Americans in Rosewood started? . Decades passed before she began to trust white people. Some survivors as well as participants in the mob action went to Lacoochee to work in the mill there. On January 1, 1923, in Sumner, Florida, a young, married white woman named Fannie Taylor claimed she had been . Early morning: Fannie Taylor reports an attack by an unidentified black man. "Up Front from the Editor: Black History". The organization also recognized Rosewood residents who protected blacks during the attacks by presenting an Unsung Heroes Award to the descendants of Sheriff Robert Walker, John Bryce, and William Bryce. "[33], The white mob burned black churches in Rosewood. Adding confusion to the events recounted later, as many as 400 white men began to gather. ), The image was originally published in a news magazine in 1923, referring to the destruction of the town. [37], Many people were alarmed by the violence, and state leaders feared negative effects on the state's tourist industry. He moved to Jacksonville and died in 1926. Florida governors Park Trammell (19131917) and Sidney Catts (19171921) generally ignored the emigration of blacks to the North and its causes. They didn't want to be in Rosewood after dark. "Film View: Taking Control of Old Demons by Forcing Them Into the Light". Fannie was born June 30, 1921, in Asheville, N.C., came to Nor For decades no black residents lived in Cedar Key or Sumner. Before long, Hunter was said to have robbed and physically assaulted Taylor. Carrier and Carter, another Mason, covered the fugitive in the back of a wagon. The speaker of the Florida House of Representatives commissioned a group to research and provide a report by which the equitable claim bill could be evaluated. They lived in Sumner, where the mill was located, with their two young children. Fannie Taylor the white woman lived in Sumner. Many white people considered him arrogant and disrespectful. [48][49] He was able to convince Arnett Doctor to join him on a visit to the site, which he did without telling his mother. Within hours, hundreds of angry whites invaded the small and mostly Black town of Rosewood in Florida. The incident was sparked by a rumor that a white woman in the nearby town of Sumner had been beaten and possibly sexually assaulted by a black man. "[11], The legacy of Rosewood remained in Levy County. So I said, 'Okay guys, I'm opening the closet with the skeletons, because if we don't learn from mistakes, we're doomed to repeat them'." rosewood actor diesgarberiel battery charger manual 26th February 2023 . The massacre was ignited by a false accusation from Fannie Taylor, a White woman who lived in the nearby predominantly White town of Sumner and claimed she'd been beaten by a Black man. In 1920, the combined population of both towns was 638 (344 black and 294 white). How bad? The brothers were independently wealthy Cedar Key residents who had an affinity for trains. She notes Singleton's rejection of the image of black people as victims and the portrayal of "an idyllic past in which black families are intact, loving and prosperous, and a black superhero who changes the course of history when he escapes the noose, takes on the mob with double-barreled ferocity and saves many women and children from death". [3] Many survivors boarded the train after having been hidden by white general store owner John Wright and his wife, Mary Jo. The town was abandoned by its former black and white residents; none of them ever moved back and the town ceased to exist. Minnie Lee Langley knew James and Emma Carrier as her parents. After they left the town, almost all of their land was sold for taxes. "Fannie Taylor was white; Sarah Carrier was black," stated the report, written by Maxine D. Jones, a professor of history at Florida State University. And then everybody dispersed, just turned and left. They had three churches, a school, a large Masonic Hall, a turpentine mill, a sugarcane mill, a baseball team named the Rosewood Stars, and two general stores, one of which was white-owned. Fannie Taylor Obituary (1932 Lee Ruth Davis died a few months before testimony began, but Minnie Lee Langley, Arnett Goins, Wilson Hall, Willie Evans, and several descendants from Rosewood testified. A woman by the name Fannie Taylor who was beaten and attacked in her home by her white secret lover puts the blame on a color male. [15] Further unrest occurred in Tulsa in 1921, when whites attacked the black Greenwood community. Lee Ruth Davis, her sister, and two brothers were hidden by the Wrights while their father hid in the woods. The report was based on investigations led by historians as opposed to legal experts; they relied in cases on information that was hearsay from witnesses who had since died. [46][53] James Peters, who represented the State of Florida, argued that the statute of limitations applied because the law enforcement officials named in the lawsuitSheriff Walker and Governor Hardeehad died many years before. Average Age & Life Expectancy Fannie Taylor lived 22 years longer than the average Taylor family member when she died at the age of 92. To the surprise of many witnesses, someone fatally shot Carter in the face. No longer having any supervisory authority, Pillsbury was retired early by the company. W. H. Pillsbury was among them, and he was taunted by former Sumner residents. Sylvester Carrier would emerge . [74] Vera Goins-Hamilton, who had not previously been publicly identified as a survivor of the Rosewood massacre, died at the age of 100 in Lacoochee, Florida in 2020.[75]. [39], Florida's consideration of a bill to compensate victims of racial violence was the first by any U.S. state. Some survivors' stories claim there may have been up to 27 black residents killed, and assert that newspapers did not report the total number of white deaths. At the time, Rosewood was home to about 355 African-American citizens. 01/04/23 . By that point, the case had been taken on a pro bono basis by one of Florida's largest legal firms. One survivor interviewed by Gary Moore said that to single out Rosewood as an exception, as if the entire world was not a Rosewood, would be "vile". Details about the armed standoff were particularly explosive. Catts ran on a platform of white supremacy and anti-Catholic sentiment; he openly criticized the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) when they complained he did nothing to investigate two lynchings in Florida. Fannie Taylor and her husband moved to a different town and Fannie later died of cancer. In Gainesville which was 48 miles away the Klan was holding its biggest rally ever in that city. Many survivors fled in different directions to other cities, and a few changed their names from fear that whites would track them down. 194. They tortured Carter into admitting that he had hidden the escaped chain gang prisoner. [29] In 1993, the firm filed a lawsuit on behalf of Arnett Goins, Minnie Lee Langley, and other survivors against the state government for its failure to protect them and their families. They delivered the final report to the Florida Board of Regents and it became part of the legislative record. They crossed dirt roads one at a time, then hid under brush until they had all gathered away from Rosewood. [68][69] Recreated forms of the towns of Rosewood and Sumner were built in Central Florida, far away from Levy County. Philomena Goins, Carrier's granddaughter, told a different story about Fannie Taylor many years later. Meanwhile . He was ostracized and taunted for assisting the survivors, and rumored to keep a gun in every room of his house. They knew the people in Rosewood and had traded with them regularly. When they learned that Jesse Hunter, a black prisoner, had escaped from a chain gang, they began a search to question him about Taylor's attack. James Carrier's widow Emma was shot in the hand and the wrist and reached Gainesville by train. Officially, the recorded death toll during the first week of January 1923 was eight (six blacks and two whites). They believed that the black community in Rosewood was hiding escaped prisoner Jesse Hunter. He was tied to a car and dragged to Sumner. On the morning of January 1, 1923, Fannie Coleman Taylor of Sumner Florida, claimed she was assaulted by a black man. One of the first and most violent instances was a riot in East St. Louis, sparked in 1917. The white men then went to Rosewood to find the non-existent assailant. By 1900, the population in Rosewood had become predominantly black. The Gainesville Daily Sun justified the actions of whites involved, writing "Let it be understood now and forever that he, whether white or black, who brutally assaults an innocent and helpless woman, shall die the death of a dog." with her husband James who was 30 years old. Taylor claimed she had been assaulted by a Black man in her home, according to History.com The incident was reported to Sheriff Robert Elias Walker. Doctor wanted to keep Rosewood in the news; his accounts were printed with few changes. I drove down its unpaved roads. Shipp, E. R. (March 16, 1997). [35], James Carrier, Sylvester's brother and Sarah's son, had previously suffered a stroke and was partially paralyzed. Late afternoon: A posse of white vigilantes apprehend and kill a black man named Sam Carter. [7] To avoid lawsuits from white competitors, the Goins brothers moved to Gainesville, and the population of Rosewood decreased slightly. The village had about a dozen two-story wooden plank homes, other small two-room houses, and several small unoccupied plank farm and storage structures. Raftis received notes reading, "We know how to get you and your kids. Other women attested that Taylor was aloof; no one knew her very well. [25], A group of white vigilantes, who had become a mob by this time, seized Sam Carter, a local blacksmith and teamster who worked in a turpentine still. Fanny, who has a history of cheating on her husband, has a rendezvous with her lover . As a child, he had a black friend who was killed by a white man who left him to die in a ditch. Photo Credit: History. A histria de Fannie Taylor. By the 1920s, almost everyone in the close-knit community was distantly related to each other. (Moore, 1982). During the Rosewood, Fl massacre of 1923, Sarah Carrier, a Black woman, was shot through a window as she was walking through her house to quiet her children. New information found for Fanny Taylor. [27], Despite the efforts of Sheriff Walker and mill supervisor W. H. Pillsbury to disperse the mobs, white men continued to gather. (, William Bryce, known as "K", was unique; he often disregarded race barriers. Moore was hooked. On January 1, 1923, in Sumner, Florida, 22-year-old Fannie Taylor was heard screaming by a neighbor. Langley and Lee Ruth Davis appeared on The Maury Povich Show on Martin Luther King Day in 1993. [76] Lizzie Jenkins, executive director of the Real Rosewood Foundation and niece of the Rosewood schoolteacher, explained her interest in keeping Rosewood's legacy current: It has been a struggle telling this story over the years, because a lot of people don't want to hear about this kind of history. [3] In 1920, whites removed four black men from jail, who were suspects accused of raping a white woman in Macclenny, and lynched them. A confrontation regarding the rights of black soldiers culminated in the Houston Riot of 1917. That be just like throwing gasoline on fire to tell a bunch of white people that." The hamlet grew enough to warrant the construction of a post office and train depot on the Florida Railroad in 1870, but it was never incorporated as a town. "Florida Black Codes". Aaron was taken outside, where his mother begged the men not to kill him. When most of the cedar trees in the area had been cut by 1890, the pencil mills closed, and many white residents moved to Sumner. Frances "Fannie" Taylor was 22 years old in 1923 and married to James, a 30-year-old millwright employed by Cummer & Sons in Sumner. Many white people considered him arrogant and disrespectful. She says that the man had come to see Taylor the morning of January 1 after her husband . On January 1, 1923, in Sumner, Florida, 22-year-old Fannie Taylor was heard screaming by a neighbor. The White man leaving the Taylor house fled via Rosewood, stopping at the home of Aaron Carrier, a Black man who worked as a crosstie cutter, according to Jenkins, who is Aaron Carrier . [6], In the mid-1920s, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) reached its peak membership in the South and Midwest after a revival beginning around 1915. [21], When Philomena Goins Doctor found out what her son had done, she became enraged and threatened to disown him, shook him, then slapped him. Some descendants, after dividing the funds among their siblings, received not much more than $100 each. Rosewood massacre of 1923 | Overview & Facts | Britannica Rosewood massacre of 1923, also called Rosewood race riot of 1923, an incident of racial violence that lasted several days in January 1923 in the predominantly African American community of Rosewood, Florida. He said, "I truly don't think they cared about compensation. Rosewood, Florida was a thriving town with a bustling economy. The average age of a Taylor family member is 70. "Rosewood: 70 Years Ago, a Town Disappeared in a Blaze Fueled by Racial Hatred. Fanny Taylor +99 +98 +97 +95 . On January 5, 1923, a mob of over 200 white men attacked the Black community in Rosewood, Florida, killing over 30 Black women, men, and children, burning the town to the ground, and forcing all survivors to permanently flee Rosewood. 2. The third result is Fannie Jean Taylor age 80+ in Broadview, IL in the South Maywood . He raised the number of historic residents in Rosewood, as well as the number who died at the Carrier house siege; he exaggerated the town's contemporary importance by comparing it to Atlanta, Georgia as a cultural center. Governor Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (19051909) suggested finding a location out of state for black people to live separately. Although he was originally excluded from the Rosewood claims case, he was included after this was revealed by publicity. The Claims Of An 'Aloof' Woman Named Fannie Taylor Ignited The Massacre. [70] The film version alludes to many more deaths than the highest counts by eyewitnesses. Persall, Steve, (February 17, 1997) "A Burning Issue". Fannie Taylor. . Minnie Lee Langley, who was in the Carrier house when it was besieged, recalls that she stepped over many white bodies on the porch when she left the house. Fannie Taylor passed away at age 92 years old in July 1982. John Wright's house was the only structure left standing in Rosewood. [39], In 1994, the state legislature held a hearing to discuss the merits of the bill. Over the next several days, other Rosewood residents fled to Wright's house, facilitated by Sheriff Walker, who asked Wright to transport as many residents out of town as possible. [16][17] An editor of The Gainesville Daily Sun admitted that he was a member of the Klan in 1922, and praised the organization in print. Some survivors' stories claim that up to 27 black residents were killed, and they also assert that newspapers did not report the total number of white deaths. Eventually, he took his findings to Hanlon, who enlisted the support of his colleague Martha Barnett, a veteran lobbyist and former American Bar Association president who had grown up in Lacoochee. It was known as "Black Wall Street.". In 1923, a prosperous black town in Florida was burned to the ground, its people hunted and murdered, all because a white woman falsely claimed that a black man sexually assaulted her. . Fannie Taylor On Monday, January 1, 1923, Frances (Fannie) Taylor, who was twenty-two years old at the time, alleged that a black man had assaulted her in her home. By 1900, the population in Rosewood had become predominantly black. All of the usual suspects applied, an . Its veracity is somewhat disputed. [39], Even legislators who agreed with the sentiment of the bill asserted that the events in Rosewood were typical of the era. [73] The Real Rosewood Foundation presents a variety of humanitarian awards to people in Central Florida who help preserve Rosewood's history. Hence, the intelligence of women must be cultivated and the purity and dignity of womanhood must be protected by the maintenance of a single standard of morals for both races. [43] Jesse Hunter, the escaped convict, was never found. As a result of the findings, Florida compensated the survivors and their descendants for the damages which they had incurred because of racial violence. The Tampa Tribune, in a rare comment on the excesses of whites in the area, called it "a foul and lasting blot on the people of Levy County". The influx of black people into urban centers in the Northeast and Midwest increased racial tensions in those cities. Fannie Taylor's brother-in-law claimed to be her killer. Armed guards sent by Sheriff Walker turned away black people who emerged from the swamps and tried to go home. [21] Florida Representatives Al Lawson and Miguel De Grandy argued that, unlike Native Americans or slaves who had suffered atrocities at the hands of whites, the residents of Rosewood were tax-paying, self-sufficient citizens who deserved the protection of local and state law enforcement. Moore, Gary (March 7, 1993). The Klan also flourished in smaller towns of the South where racial violence had a long tradition dating back to the Reconstruction era. While Trammell was state attorney general, none of the 29 lynchings committed during his term were prosecuted, nor were any of the 21 that occurred while he was governor. Frances "Fannie" Taylor was 22 years old in 1923 and married to James, a 30-year-old millwright employed by Cummer & Sons. Rosewood houses were painted and most of them neat. Mary Hall Daniels, the last known survivor of the massacre at the time of her death, died at the age of 98 in Jacksonville, Florida, on May 2, 2018. In order to cover up the true story, she told authorities she had been raped by a black man from the nearby black community of Rosewood. Some took refuge with sympathetic white families. The coroner's inquest for Sam Carter had taken place the day after he was shot in January 1923; he concluded that Carter had been killed "by Unknown Party". The report used a taped description of the events by Jason McElveen, a Cedar Key resident who had since died,[57] and an interview with Ernest Parham, who was in high school in 1923 and happened upon the lynching of Sam Carter. More than 100 years ago, on the first day of . In the Red Summer of 1919, racially motivated mob violence erupted in 23citiesincluding Chicago, Omaha, and Washington, D.C.caused by competition for jobs and housing by returning World War I veterans of both races, and the arrival of waves of new European immigrants. When U.S. troop training began for World War I, many white Southerners were alarmed at the thought of arming black soldiers. [21] Survivors suggest that Taylor's lover fled to Rosewood because he knew he was in trouble and had gone to the home of Aaron Carrier, a fellow veteran and Mason. The Miami Metropolis listed 20 black people and four white people dead and characterized the event as a "race war". Fearing reprisals from mobs, they refused to pick up any black men. Lovely. She collapsed and was taken to a neighbor's home. Some descendants refused it, while others went into hiding in order to avoid the press of friends and relatives who asked them for handouts. Dogs led a group of about 100 to 150 men to the home of Aaron Carrier, Sarah's nephew. [5], Rosewood was settled in 1847, nine miles (14km) east of Cedar Key, near the Gulf of Mexico. Frances "Frannie" Lee Taylor, age 81, of Roseburg, Oregon, passed away peacefully on Thursday, September 7, 2017, at Mercy Medical Center. He died after drinking too much one night in Cedar Key, and was buried in an unmarked grave in Sumner. Shipp commented on Singleton's creating a fictional account of Rosewood events, saying that the film "assumes a lot and then makes up a lot more". "Fannie Taylor saying she was raped or beat by a black man when she didn't want to tell her husband that she had a fight with her lover is directly relatable to contemporary things, like Susan. They lived there with their two young children. But I wasn't angry or anything. Doctor was consumed by his mother's story; he would bring it up to his aunts only to be dissuaded from speaking of it. A 22-year-old White resident, Fannie Taylor, was found by a neighbor covered in bruises after he responded to her screams. Many, including children, took on odd jobs to make ends meet. In February 1923, the all-white grand jury convened in Bronson. "Movies: On Location: Dredging in the Deep South John Singleton Digs into the Story of Rosewood, a Town Burned by a Lynch Mob in 1923", mass racial violence in the United States, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States, Mass racial violence in the United States, Timeline of terrorist attacks in the United States, "Rosewood Descendant Keeps The Memory Alive", "Florida Lynched More Black People Per Capita Than Any Other State, According to Report", "From the archives: the original story of the Rosewood Massacre", Film; A Lost Generation and its Exploiters, "Longest-living Rosewood survivor: 'I'm not angry', "Pasco County woman said to be true Rosewood survivor passes away", Real Rosewood Foundation Hands Out Awards", "Levy Co. Massacre Gets Spotlight in Koppel Film", "Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes: Online Sunshine", This book has been unpublished by the University Press of Florida and is not a valid reference, The Rosewood Massacre: An Archaeology and History of Intersectional Violence, "Owed To Rosewood Voices From A Florida Town That Died In A Racial Firestorm 70 Years Ago Rise From The Ashes, Asking For Justice", A Documented History of the Incident Which Occurred at Rosewood, Florida in 1923, Is Singleton's Movie a Scandal or a Black, List of lynching victims in the United States, William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner, Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken, Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN), Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes, Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore, Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act, The National Memorial for Peace and Justice, National Museum of African American History and Culture, "The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosewood_massacre&oldid=1142201387, Buildings and structures in Levy County, Florida, Racially motivated violence against African Americans, Tourist attractions in Levy County, Florida, White American riots in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 6 black and 2 white people (official figure), This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 02:00. When he kicked the door down, Cuz' Syl let him have it. Select this result to view Fannie Taylor's phone number, address, and more. You're trying to get me to talk about that massacre." [68] On the other hand, in 2001 Stanley Crouch of The New York Times described Rosewood as Singleton's finest work, writing, "Never in the history of American film had Southern racist hysteria been shown so clearly. Carter led the group to the spot in the woods where he said he had taken Hunter, but the dogs were unable to pick up a scent. Michael D'Orso, who wrote a book about Rosewood, said, "[E]veryone told me in their own way, in their own words, that if they allowed themselves to be bitter, to hate, it would have eaten them up. the communities of "The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street" and "The Rosewood Massacre of 1923" had a more of an untroubled life unlike the . As white residents of Sumner gathered, Taylor chose a common lie, claiming she'd been attacked by an unnamed Black assailant. As rumors spread of the supposed crime, so did a changing set of allegations. It took them nearly a year to do the research, including interviews, and writing. "The Rosewood Massacre: History and the Making of Public Policy,". In Gainesville which was 48 miles away the Klan was holding its biggest . Walker asked for dogs from a nearby convict camp, but one dog may have been used by a group of men acting without Walker's authority. The Rosewood Heritage Foundation created a traveling exhibit that tours internationally in order to share the history of Rosewood and the attacks; a permanent display is housed in the library of Bethune-Cookman University in Daytona Beach. Why did Taylor Lautner die? [59][60] Gary Moore, the investigative journalist who wrote the 1982 story in The St. Petersburg Times that reopened the Rosewood case, criticized demonstrable errors in the report. National newspapers also put the incident on the front page. In 1993, the Florida Legislature commissioned a report on the incident. The original meme is actually TKaM, I changed it to this, which is a scene in the Rosewood movie, which is about the Rosewood Massacre of 1923. [29], Although the survivors' experiences after Rosewood were disparate, none publicly acknowledged what had happened. Florida had an especially high number of lynchings of black men in the years before the massacre,[2] including a well-publicized incident in December 1922. She said Taylor did emerge from her home showing evidence of having been beaten, but it was well after morning. [21], Sheriff Walker pleaded with news reporters covering the violence to send a message to the Alachua County Sheriff P. G. Ramsey to send assistance. [10] Black and white residents created their own community centers: by 1920, the residents of Rosewood were mostly self-sufficient. The woman in this case was Fannie Taylor, the wife of a millwright in Sumner. Managed by: Faustine Darsey on hiatus. An attack on women not only represented a violation of the South's foremost taboo, but it also threatened to dismantle the very nature of southern society. Rosewood: Film Analysis "Help me!', screams Fannie Taylor as she comes running out from her house into the street. None of the family ever spoke about the events in Rosewood, on order from Mortin's grandmother: "She felt like maybe if somebody knew where we came from, they might come at us". According to historian Thomas Dye, "The idea that blacks in Rosewood had taken up arms against the white race was unthinkable in the Deep South". The United States as a whole was experiencing rapid social changes: an influx of European immigrants, industrialization and the growth of cities, and political experimentation in the North. [46] A year later, Moore took the story to CBS' 60 Minutes, and was the background reporter on a piece produced by Joel Bernstein and narrated by African-American journalist Ed Bradley. 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