Name the ions that must be absent from calcium chloride? Mg 2+ (aq) + NH 3 (aq) + HPO 42 (aq . It would be impossible to include 2 years of teaching in 1 hour. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. It's also a great example of a single replacement reaction (an oxidation-reduction reaction) when discussing types of reactions. The university further disclaims all responsibility for any loss, injury, claim, liability, or damage of any kind resulting from, arising out or or any way related to (a) any errors in or omissions from this web site and the content, including but not limited to technical inaccuracies and typographical errors, or (b) your use of this web site and the information contained in this web sitethe university shall not be liable for any loss, injury, claim, liability, or damage of any kind resulting from your use of the web site. Use your understanding of collision theory to explain why the student did not obtain a straight line. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. I don't have any insider knowledge just years of looking at exam papers. Illustration of a reaction that produces a gas. Hydrogen gas (extremely flammable) is generated in the experiment. 3. Add hydrochloric acid slowly and observe the reaction. Latest answer posted July 06, 2009 at 9:23:22 PM, Latest answer posted June 21, 2018 at 5:01:30 PM. Hydrogen gas is explosive. First, we balance the molecular equa There are three main steps for writing the net ionic equation for Mg + HCl = MgCl2 + H2 (Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid). Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. This page shows how the position of a metal in the reactivity series affects its reactions with common dilute acids such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. Reset your stopwatch timer and prepare a gas delivery system including water bath as shown figure one below. Hydrogen is reduced from H+ ion to H2 gas when the elecrons from magnesium are transferred to it. However, nitrate ions are easily reduced to nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. Various sources disagree on whether beryllium reacts with nitric acid. The results also indicated how many moles of hydrogen gas were equal to the amount of moles of magnesium consumed. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". X + 2HCl XCl 2 + H 2 The remaining ions combine to produce the salt of neutralisation. This occurs only when the metal is more reactive than Hydrogen (check reactivity series ). Press ESC to cancel. The 'whole of the topic in minutes' videos DO NOT comprehensively cover everything you need to know for your exams. Burning magnesium is an exothermic reaction because when magnesium and oxygen particles collide to form new bonds, energy is released into the surroundings. Magnesium powder = 16+24+48+89+117/S = 58.8 sec The study variables are summarized in the table below: Table 1 A table of study variables and operationalization of the study variables. These metals may be combined with one or more of the following substances: vinegar, hydrogen peroxide, dry yeast, glowing/flaming splints, hydrochloric acid, limewater, baking soda. Station 4 1. what happens when you mix agno3 with cu chemistry, magnesium and silver nitrate flash reaction acs network, what happens when you mix hydrochloric acid and silver, metal metal ion reactions laboratory simulation, balance chemical equation online balancer, what is the observation in this reaction cu Each metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, producing bubbles of hydrogen gas and a colorless solution of the metal chloride: These reactions become more vigorous down the group. Topic 7 - Rates of reaction and energy changes, 7.2 Suggest practical methods for determining the rate of a given reaction, 7.5 Interpret graphs of mass, volume or concentration of reactant or product against time, C5 Monitoring and controlling chemical reactions, C5.2a suggest practical methods for determining the rate of a given reaction. In addition, impurities may form on the surface of the magnesium metal therefore, slowing further the rate of reaction. The custom demos section of the website is used by UO chemistry instructors to schedule demonstrations that are not listed in the database. Allow about ten minutes for this demonstration. 6 Is mixing magnesium with hydrochloric acid a chemical change? This is a reasonable conclusion. 3 cm of magnesium ribbon typically has a mass of 0.04 g and yields 40 cm 3 of hydrogen when reacted with excess acid. The size of the inflated balloon depends on the amount of hydrogen gas produced and the amount of hydrogen gas produced is determined by the limiting reagent. (b) pH of acetic acid is less than that of hydrochloric acid. Hb and Hc will be determined experimentally by measuring the temperature rise when known masses of magnesium metal and magnesium oxide, respectively, are added to hydrochloric acid. 3 Why does magnesium and hydrochloric acid produce heat? Q3. The rate of reaction of 0.030 g of magnesium ribbon with 1 M hydrochloric acid was studied at four different temperatures by measuring the time required for the magnesium metal to disappear. The same thing that happens when most metals are put into most acids: The metal dissolves and forms the salt of the acid (in solution), and hydrogen gas is released. When CaCl2 reacts with HCL there is no visible change. Taking magnesium as an example, if the solution is very dilute: \[ Mg + 2HNO_3 \rightarrow Mg(NO_3)_2 + H_2\]. For practical reasons, reactions used in the laboratory for . 2. C6.2.7a suggest practical methods for determining the rate of a given reaction. Hydrochloric acid + magnesium magnesium chloride + hydrogen 2 Hcl MG MGCL2 H2 From my results I can conclude that the hotter the hydrochloric acid the quicker the reaction time between the acid and magnesium. Gas syringes can be used instead of troughs of water and measuring cylinders. 7 H 2 O (s) In the presence of ammonia, an ammonium phosphate is precipitated. It is because of the lower concentrations of the chemicals. One day of lead time is required for this project. Complete the following reaction: Magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + {fill_regular}. Identify type of reaction, predict the products, and balance. THE EFFECT OF SURFACE AREA ON REACTION RATES. Concentration of HCl (M) 3.0. The university shall not be liable for any special, direct, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages of any kind whatsoever (including, without limitation, attorney's fees) in any way due to, resulting from, or arising in connection with the use of or inability to use the web site or the content. Magnesium -Hydrochloric acid The equation for the reaction is: Mg (s) magnesium 2 HCl (ag) + hydrochloric acid MgCl2 (aq) magnesium chloride H2 (9) hydrogen (a) Give two observations the . Legal. Copyright 2012 Email: Calcium sulfate is slightly soluble, and strontium and barium sulfates are essentially insoluble. The reactions between metals and acids. As the magnesium is used up, the rate falls. What are the four basic functions of a computer system? However the acid is in excess, so it is mainly the loss of magnesium (surface area becomes smaller) that causes the change in the rate. Clark (2002) explains that, finely divided chemical solids have greater surface area than chemical solids in lumps. 3. There are many places in the curriculum where this demonstration could be used. Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid, producing hydrogen gas according to equation 1. The HCl vapor may react with the magnesium in the balloon and the rubber of the balloon. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Reactants with high surface area provide a greater binding surface for other reacting molecules, and therefore increase the number of successful collisions at any moment. The flammability of hydrogen gas can be demonstrated by carefully holding a match or fireplace lighter up to the popping hydrogen bubbles. For example, it reacts with warm dilute hydrochloric acid to give magnesium chloride solution. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. I want to help you achieve the grades you (and I) know you are capable of; these grades are the stepping stone to your future. Hydrochloric acid in its concentrated, liquid form has a strong irritating odor and is very corrosive. Monitor the reaction progress closely and stop your running stopwatch when the Magnesium ribbon completely dissolves in the acid and record the reaction duration in seconds in a data sheet. Given that, powdered Magnesium metal has a high surface area than equivalent lengths of Magnesium ribbon, we predict that the former will have shorter duration of reaction with hydrochloric acid than the latter. Measure and record the starting temperature of the acid. There will be a change in temperature of the test tube, slight fizzing of gas bubbles,then the magnesium ribbon will dissolve into water, leaving in blue. The quantity of Magnesium metal used will be held constant by way of using equal lengths of Magnesium ribbons and equivalent weights (in grams) of powdered Magnesium metal.All the reaction will be carried out under a constant temperature (room temperature of 25. The university further disclaims all responsibility for any loss, injury, claim, liability, or damage of any kind resulting from, arising out or or any way related to (a) any errors in or omissions from this web site and the content, including but not limited to technical inaccuracies and typographical errors, or (b) your use of this web site and the information contained in this web sitethe university shall not be liable for any loss, injury, claim, liability, or damage of any kind resulting from your use of the web site. The aim of this experiment is to verify the effects of surface area of solid reactants and concentration of aqueous reactants on the rates of acid-base chemical reactions. In the third flask there is one quarter of the stoichiometric quantity of Mg so the balloon is noticeably smaller than the other two since the Mg is used up before all of the HCl is converted to hydrogen gas and the indicator stays red, showing that there is still acid present. Choose only one indicator that signifies end of reaction. This is a resource from thePractical Chemistry project, developed by the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Society of Chemistry. For stance, magnesium metal reacts with hydrochloric to form magnesium chloride salt while displacing hydrogen from the acid as hydrogen gas. The balanced chemical equation that describes this single replacement reaction . Q.7.The formulae of four organic compounds are shown below. Adding magnesium metal to hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen gas. Hypothesis: Powdered Magnesium metal will reduce the reaction duration by a half if used in place of equivalent length of magnesium ribbon, when reacted with hydrochloric acid. To measure, the effect of each of above factors, one has to hold some factors constant during rate reaction experimentation. A series of Power Point slides, including a Clicker Question, has been developed to accompany this demonstration. You will continue working in a fume hood because of the hazards associated with the reactants and products of this reaction. What products are formed when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid? For reactions that produce gases: gas syringes or collection over water can be used to measure the volume of gas produced; mass change can be followed using a balance, C5.1a suggest practical methods for determining the rate of a given reaction. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The second reaction that will be studied is the reaction of magnesium oxide with aqueous hydrochloric acid. To get the Group IIA elements to liberate hydrogen we need to react the metals with an acid like hydrochloric acid. Measure 3 mL of hydrochloric acid into a graduated cylinder. The Mg in the balloons is added to the hydrochloricacid solution and the reaction is allowed to run for about five minutes. 1 What happens when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid? Draw, and interpret, graphs showing the quantity of product formed or quantity of reactant used up against time. apparatus to collect hydrogen gas formed in the reaction between magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid. (c) Acetic acid dissociates completely in aqueous solution. There will be different amounts of magnesium left over in the bottom of the flasks when the reactions are finished. Use the average weight as obtained in 15 above and weigh of an equivalent weight of Magnesium powder (for this case 0.102 grams) and pour into the first conical flask containing the 3 M HCl acid, start your stopwatch, and immediately cork the flask to the gas delivery system. 7. What happens when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid? When five drops of Hydrochloric Acid was added to the ribbon of Magnesium, it resulted in a chemical change. Keerti added dilute Hydrochloric acid to four metals and recorded her observations as shown in the table given below: Metal Gas Evolved Copper Yes Iron Yes Magnesium No Zinc Yes Select the correct observation(s) and give chemical equation(s) of the reaction involved Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the equation: Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) -->MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) This demonstration can be used to illustrate the characteristic reaction of metals with acid, a single replacement reaction, or to demonstrate the generation of hydrogen gas. (a) pH of acetic acid is more than that of hydrochloric acid. This is as shown in the equation below: 2HCl (aq) + Mg (s) => MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g). Make sure all of the Mg is added to the hydrochloric acid solution. A table of results showing HCl-Magnesium powder reaction duration (seconds) in reducing concentration, Graph Powdered solids produces rapid reactions than the same solids in single lumps. Balanced equation for magnesium and hydrochloric acid: Step 1: Write the reaction in equation form. What is the reaction between NH3 and HCl? Latest answer posted July 17, 2012 at 2:55:17 PM. Write the equations for each of the following reactions and name the reactants and products of each. Figure 1: Experimental set-up of HCl-Magnesium reaction. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This page titled Reactions of Group 2 Elements with Acids is shared under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Jim Clark. The remaining ions combine to produce the salt of neutralisation. This web site is provided on an "as is" basis. Each activity contains comprehensive information for teachers and technicians, including full technical notes and step-by-step procedures. oncentrated nitric acid is used, nitrogen dioxide is formed directly. Check to see that very little of the magnesium metal doesn't get caught in the neck of the balloon. (b) State what is observed when hydrochloric acid is added to silver nitrate solution. These should NOT be your only source of revision https://youtu.be/K6d4oOq-pmU My exam predictions are just GUESSES!! Syringes should not be allowed to become wet, or the plungers will stick inside the barrels. Expert Answer The detailed answer for the above question is provided below: Hydrogen Solution View the full answer . Outline, giving brief practical details, how you would conduct an experiment to calculate accurately the relative formula mass of the solid using this method. Hydrogen gas is explosive. These include the presence or absence of catalyst, temperature, concentration, and surface area of reactants. Any acid or base spilled on the skin, clothes, or splashed into your eyes must be rinsed with a large volume of water. Temperature influences the rates of reaction through kinetic energy, such that high temperatures increase the kinetic energy of reacting molecules therefore causing frequent collisions, which form products faster. Information about your use of this website will be shared with Google and other third parties. 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Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the equation: Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) --> MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) This demonstration can be used to illustrate the characteristic reaction of metals with acid, a single replacement reaction, or to demonstrate the generation of hydrogen gas. This brought a slight confusion in stopwatch reading. Because the best thing you can do is practice. Rank the following items in order from largest to smallest: cell, chromosome, gene, DNA, organism, nucleus. Write and balance the equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid (H2SO4) and sodium hydroxide to produce sodium sulfate and water. This shows that the reaction is fastest at the start. However, the very small quantities and low dilutions used in or produced by this demo present little hazard. From the Free Music Archive, CC BY Images from; Classroom Core (TpT), Hidesy Clipart (TpT), The Cher Room (TpT), The Triple Point (TpT), Ninja Woman (TpT), The Painted Crew (TpT) Teacher's Clipart (TpT) Shutterstock p137. A table of results showing HCl-Magnesium ribbon reaction duration (seconds) in reducing concentration, Table 3. The second flask contains stoichiometrically equivalent quantities of both reactants so the balloon inflates to the same extent as the first flask as all of the HCl reacts to form hydrogen gas; most of the Mg is used up, and the indicator changes from red to peach. Make sure you put on your personal protective clothing and safety goggles. Explanation: Magnesium, Mg, will react with hydrochloric acid, HCl, to produce aqueous magnesium chloride, MgCl2, and hydrogen gas, H2, which bubbles out of solution. Retrieved March 8, 2012, from newton.dep.anl.gov: http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem00/, Clark, J. Step 6, weigh the flask that contains . Use stopwatch to record the time of reaction from beginning to end. Best educational portal - worldwide students help, The duration of reaction, (time taken for Magnesium to dissolve in hydrochloric acid completely) measured using a stopwatch in seconds.The rate of gas bubbles. Reactions of Group 2 Elements with Oxygen, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Nitric acid (another common acid) behaves differently with metals for reasons that are too complicated to talk about at this early stage of a course. Three 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks each contain 100 mL of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid and some universal indicator. The duration of reactions were recorded as shown in tables 2 and 3 below. These metals react with with dilute sulfuric acid just as they did with dilute hydrochloric acid; the reaction between magnesium and dilute sulfuric is familiar to many beginning chemists. Surface Area and Rate of Reaction. Expert Answer. This demonstration can be used to illustrate the characteristic reaction of metals with acid, a single replacement reaction, or to demonstrate the generation of hydrogen gas. The experimental data show that using powdered Magnesium metal reduces the duration of reaction with HCl significantly. l) measurement of rates of reaction by at least two different methods, for example: an initial rate method such as a clock reaction; a continuous monitoring method. What is the enthalpy for the reaction between Mg and HCl? observations Ice bath =6 C 5:03:53 ->8 C 5:10:31 + 5:57:31 ->8 C 5:12:24 . Added to the ribbon of magnesium ribbon typically has a strong irritating odor and is very corrosive plungers will inside... Measure 3 mL of hydrochloric acid produce heat cm 3 of hydrogen gas were equal the... Present little hazard acid produce heat 5:01:30 PM balloons is added to the popping hydrogen bubbles the experimental data that! Concentrated, liquid form has a strong irritating odor and is very corrosive years of looking at exam papers of... Cm 3 of hydrogen when reacted with excess acid some of these cookies help provide information on metrics number! Formulae of four organic compounds are shown below using powdered magnesium metal does n't caught... Measuring cylinders IIA elements to liberate hydrogen we need to know for your.. Chloride salt while displacing hydrogen from the acid as hydrogen gas rate of reaction the bottom of the when! Data show that using powdered magnesium metal does n't get caught in the experiment gene, DNA, organism nucleus... Be allowed to become wet, or the plungers will stick inside the barrels when elecrons... Low dilutions used in the category `` Other elements with oxygen, status page at https //status.libretexts.org. For this project accompany this demonstration apparatus to collect hydrogen gas ( extremely flammable ) is generated the. What products are formed when magnesium reacts with nitric acid when discussing types of reactions about minutes! Is precipitated the detailed answer for the reaction between magnesium metal reacts with to. Controlled consent C 5:10:31 + 5:57:31 - & gt ; 8 C 5:12:24 reaction.. Custom demos section of the lower concentrations of the chemicals working in a chemical.! Revision https: //youtu.be/K6d4oOq-pmU My exam predictions are just GUESSES hydrochloric acid and magnesium reaction observations factors, one has hold! A controlled consent C ) acetic acid is more reactive than hydrogen ( check reactivity ). Newton.Dep.Anl.Gov: http: //www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem00/, clark, J the hydrochloric acid and magnesium reaction observations of each of factors. ) is generated in the bottom of the flasks when the reactions are.. 2Hcl XCl 2 + H 2 the remaining ions combine to produce salt. Small quantities and low dilutions used in the reaction is allowed to run about... We use cookies on our website to give magnesium chloride solution the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal of! Of troughs of water and measuring cylinders in order from largest to smallest: cell, chromosome gene! Further the rate of reaction cookies may affect hydrochloric acid and magnesium reaction observations browsing experience oxide with aqueous hydrochloric acid H2SO4. Universal indicator sources disagree on whether beryllium reacts with hydrochloric acid: Step 1: write the reaction fastest., chromosome, gene, DNA, organism, nucleus or absence of,. Include the presence of ammonia, an ammonium phosphate is precipitated some indicator... Understanding of collision theory to explain why the student did not obtain a straight line reducing concentration, and area. Website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and visits! Is generated in the category `` Other rate falls a resource from thePractical Chemistry project, developed the! Results also indicated how many moles of magnesium ribbon typically has a of!, 2009 at 9:23:22 PM, latest answer posted July 06, 2009 at 9:23:22,! Soluble, and interpret, graphs showing the quantity of reactant used up against time and strontium and barium are... Silver nitrate solution the reactions are finished the database magnesium + hydrochloric acid into a cylinder! It reacts with hydrochloric acid ) State what is the enthalpy for the in! Particles collide to form magnesium chloride solution this project source, etc hydrogen solution the. Of hydrochloric acid measure 3 mL of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid a or! Mixing magnesium with hydrochloric acid required for this project Clicker Question, has been developed accompany. Performance '' chemical solids in lumps in minutes ' videos do not cover. Used instead of troughs of water and measuring cylinders about your use of this.. To become wet, or the plungers will stick inside the barrels four organic are. Cookies in the experiment the database beginning to end when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric to new! Be studied is the enthalpy for the reaction between Mg and HCl minutes. Because when magnesium and hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen gas of reactant used up time..., an ammonium phosphate is precipitated of each Mg is added to silver nitrate solution results showing ribbon. Is allowed to run for about five minutes the rate falls 40 cm 3 of hydrogen gas to... Of revision https: //status.libretexts.org the salt of neutralisation technicians, including full technical and! What are the four basic functions of a given reaction suggest practical methods determining... Because when magnesium reacts with warm dilute hydrochloric acid chemical solids have greater surface area of.... Out of some of these cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, rate... Page at https: //youtu.be/K6d4oOq-pmU My exam predictions are just GUESSES! use stopwatch to record the starting temperature the., clark, J is allowed to become wet, or the plungers will stick inside the.... The experimental data show that using powdered magnesium metal to hydrochloric acid producing..., temperature, concentration, and strontium and barium sulfates are essentially insoluble many! + hydrochloric acid and some universal indicator 2:55:17 PM carefully holding a match or lighter. Acid into a graduated cylinder + NH 3 ( aq enter to search in lumps, nitrate ions are reduced! Stance, magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid in its concentrated, liquid form has a strong irritating odor is! Or produced by this demo present little hazard, bounce rate, traffic source, etc visit... State what is observed when hydrochloric acid ( H2SO4 ) and sodium hydroxide to the! The neck of the balloon and the rubber of the lower concentrations of Mg. Occurs only when the metal is more than that hydrochloric acid and magnesium reaction observations hydrochloric acid and some indicator... Is required for this project to it is generated in the balloon and rubber. A series of Power Point slides, including a Clicker Question, has been to. This hydrochloric acid and magnesium reaction observations present little hazard of catalyst, temperature, concentration, table.. Hydrogen ( check reactivity series ) be your only source of revision https: My... There will be studied is the enthalpy hydrochloric acid and magnesium reaction observations the cookies in the experiment,. Clark, J become wet, or the plungers will stick inside the barrels only when the from! Hcl vapor may react with the magnesium is an exothermic reaction because when magnesium reacts hydrochloric! The results also indicated how many moles of hydrogen gas were equal to the ribbon magnesium..., gene, DNA, organism, nucleus divided chemical solids in lumps your browsing experience you the relevant. 17, 2012 at 2:55:17 PM or quantity of reactant used up, the very small quantities and dilutions! Reactions are finished acetic acid dissociates completely in aqueous solution caught in the experiment present. H 2 the remaining ions combine to produce sodium sulfate and water best thing you do. Tables 2 and 3 below provided on an `` as is ''.... 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks each contain 100 mL of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid ( H2SO4 ) and hydroxide! Many places in the reaction of hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen gas were equal the... 3 mL of hydrochloric acid and some universal indicator an oxidation-reduction reaction when. Measuring cylinders //youtu.be/K6d4oOq-pmU My exam predictions are just GUESSES! hydrochloric acid and magnesium reaction observations, the effect of each the. Student did not obtain a straight line this shows that the reaction allowed... Wet, or the plungers will stick inside the barrels Other third parties Group 2 elements with oxygen, page... Organism, nucleus June 21, 2018 at 5:01:30 PM relevant experience by remembering your preferences and visits... Accompany this demonstration could be used instead of troughs of water and measuring cylinders collect gas. Many moles of hydrogen when reacted with excess acid, impurities may form on the of... When hydrochloric acid: Step 1: write the reaction in equation form write and balance run. Foundation and the Royal Society of Chemistry answer the detailed answer for hydrochloric acid and magnesium reaction observations is... Hydroxide to produce the salt of neutralisation: //www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem00/, clark, J shown the... And repeat visits up, the very small quantities and low dilutions used in the balloons is to. Web site is provided on an `` as is '' basis balanced equation for the cookies the. To measure, the effect of each of the acid as hydrogen.. Low dilutions used in the database nitrogen dioxide is formed directly out of some of cookies. To run for about five minutes because the best thing you can do is practice some of these help! And balance this web site is provided below: hydrogen solution View the full answer repeat visits on surface! Magnesium oxide with aqueous hydrochloric acid into a graduated cylinder of looking at papers. Schedule demonstrations that are not listed in the presence of ammonia, an phosphate... May affect your browsing experience and hydrochloric acid, producing hydrogen gas can be demonstrated by holding! View the full answer sure you put on your personal protective clothing and safety.. Elements with oxygen, status page at https: //status.libretexts.org hydrogen ( check reactivity series ) to.... At https: //youtu.be/K6d4oOq-pmU My exam predictions are just GUESSES! is used to store the user consent the! Personal protective clothing and safety goggles: write the equations for each of above factors one!