is spirillum prokaryotic or eukaryoticis spirillum prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Micrograph shows rod-shaped Halobacterium. The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Direct link to VaeSapiens's post They are considered Eukar, Posted 4 years ago. Some species cause disease. S. minus, found in the blood of apparently healthy mice and rats, can be transmitted to other rodents and to monkeys and man. Euryarchaeotes includes methanogens, which produce methane as a metabolic waste product, and halobacteria, which live in an extreme saline environment. The domain Eukarya contains all eukaryotes, including uni- or multicellular eukaryotes such as protists, fungi, plants, and animals. It is located outside the cell membrane and prevents osmotic lysis (bursting due to increasing volume). Biology > PEV > Prokaryotes. Are helminths microorganisms? upload their completed document as a DOC or PDF file in Canvas . If you're still confused, you can watch the video "cell size". In this course, we closely study both types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. However, many viruses do not cause disease. Animals used for research must be treated humanely, and all protocols must be approved by an institutional animal care and use committee. Some bacterial species have a capsule outside the cell wall. Cyanobacteria, a type of bacteria, is also considered an algae, but these organisms are bacterial prokaryotes and therefore have a peptidoglycan-based cell wall, unlike the cellulose-based cell wall of the algal protists. Korarchaeotes are considered to be one of the most primitive forms of life and so far have only been found in the Obsidian Pool, a hot spring at Yellowstone National Park. Other differences between Bacteria and Archaea are seen in Table 1. For example, a DNA sample can be taken from a hot spring microbial mat, such as the beautiful, multicolored mats found in Yellowstone National Park. The last laugh may be yours. Direct link to claudine zirimwabagabo's post to which kingdom do mold , Posted 4 years ago. They range from 10-100 m in diameter, and their DNA is contained within a membrane-bound nucleus. Surface-area-to-volume ratio is important because the plasma membrane is the cells interface with the environment. The term coccobacillus (plural coccobacilli) is the name for short rods; these cells look like ovals. Johnson, in Encyclopedia of Microbiology (Third Edition), 2009 Physiological Versatility in Acidophilic Prokaryotes: Specialized and Generalist Microorganisms. There are many differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Cell membrane in prokaryotic cell is a phospholipid bilayer . Some species of delta Proteobacteria generate a spore-forming fruiting body in adverse conditions. overuse of drugs has resulted in the selection of drug resistant bacteria. Biology Project > Cell what is the difference between the three domains? A eukaryotic cell contains membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and an endoplasmic reticulum. If before, from which of these domains did Eukarya branch? Direct link to Atharva Nirgule AN's post how the mesosomes are pro, Posted 5 years ago. Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance, 26. Prokaryotic cells come in multiple shapes: cocci (round), baccilli (rods), and spirilla or spirochetes (helical cells). Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections, 105. I'd never heard of them, but a quick internet search turned up this: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3750665/, https://elps.eastlongmeadowma.gov/files/9214/3525/7686/MCAS_review_packet_1.pdf. Archaeal phyla are described in Figure 6. However, in approximately 85% of patients with CJD, the cause of the disease is spontaneous (or sporadic) and has no identifiable cause.18 Based on her symptoms and their rapid progression, Cora is diagnosed with sporadic CJD. Fossils of ancient prokaryotes look like tiny bubbles in rock. Direct link to Ellie Castillo's post Flagella: Flashcards. Micrograph shows a bent rod-shaped Desulfovibrio vulgaris bacterium with a long flagellum. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Coccus (sphere), spirillum, and bacillus, Free-floating (not contained to a restricted area of the cell), Eukaryotic and more. Prokaryotic cells range in diameter from 0.1-5.0 m. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site They loose the nucleus when they mature and many non-vertebrates have erythrocytes with a nucleus. Algae are also being developed as a possible source for biofuels. The next phylum described is chlamydias. (credit Coccus: modification of work by Janice Haney Carr, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit Coccobacillus: modification of work by Janice Carr, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit Spirochete: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The term spirillum is used generally for any of the corkscrew-like species. Halobacteria can grow in large blooms that appear reddish, due to the presence of bacterirhodopsin in the membrane. These findings represent the scientific equivalent of opening a Understanding Altruism: Self and Other Concerns, 62. (credit: modification of work by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Proteins, 43. In other cases, they use sequence information from specific genes to figure out what types of prokaryotes are present (and how they are related to each other or to known species). This may seem like a basic question, but it's a complex and even controversial one if you're a microbiologist. Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall, its primary component being peptidoglycan; prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells (about 10 times smaller); . Protists are an informal grouping of eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi. As cells get larger, it also takes longer to transport materials inside of them. Coras CSF samples show no signs of inflammation or infection, as would be expected with a viral infection. Susan Donaldson James. Their cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells. An object must measure about 100 m to be visible without a microscope. Direct link to tyersome's post An organism that loves ". Bacteria are prokaryotic because their genetic material (DNA) is not housed within a true nucleus. In prokaryotic cell, the cell divided by binary diffusion and prokaryotic cell are haploid. The prokaryotic plasma membrane is a thin lipid bilayer (6 to 8 nanometers) that completely surrounds the cell and separates the inside from . 1. of the Methanogenic Archaeon, Metanococcus jannaschii. We recommend using a two directions and at one speed. What are the two main types of prokaryotic organisms? Other types of bacteria are nonphotosynthetic, obtaining their energy from organic or inorganic compounds in their environment. Flagella run lengthwise in the periplasmic space between the inner and outer membrane. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote#Classification, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile. How many organisms do you see? Name some of the defining characteristics of each type. Then, we'll explore why its often tricky to identify and classify them. In archaeal cell membranes, isoprene (phytanyl) chains linked to glycerol replace the fatty acids linked to glycerol in bacterial membranes. = Eukaryotic Do both cells in Model 2 have a nucleus? These cytoplasmic extensions are called pseudopods (false feet). If the cell needs to take up nutrients, it must do so across the membrane, and if it needs to eliminate wastes, the membrane is again its only route. Microorganisms are found in each of the three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Department They are ubiquitous, found in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. From paragraph 10 to 16, I still don't get idea of surface-area-to-volume. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Some algae are protists and others are bacteria; all protozoa are examples of protists. Even if this study had led to a life-saving medical breakthrough (it did not), few would argue that its methods were ethically sound or morally justifiable. Archaea are also unicellular prokaryotic organisms. Like viruses, prions are not found on the tree of life because they are acellular. Micrograph shows rod-shaped Vibrio cholera, which are about 1 micron long. Reproduction . Dracunculiasis (Guinea-Worm Disease).. Representative organisms: Bacillus anthracis, causes anthrax; Clostridium botulinum, causes botulism; Clostridium difficile, causes diarrhea during antibiotic therapy; Streptomyces, many antibiotic, including streptomycin, are derived from these bacteria; and Mycoplasmas, tiny bacteria, the smallest known, lacking a cell wall. You can only do one or the other. . Approximately 90% of patients die within 1 year of diagnosis.19 Her doctors focus on limiting her pain and cognitive symptoms as her disease progresses. Some protozoa are photosynthetic; others feed on organic material. Viruses can infect all types of cells, from human cells to the cells of other microorganisms. Your first thought might be that there's just one: yourself. The term spirillum is used generally for any of the corkscrew like species. They are also using you as a tool in a massive effort Trichodina is considered Eukaryotic protozoa -meaning it has a nucleus. Many are beneficial symbionts that populate the human gut, but others are familiar human pathogens. Bacteria are found in nearly every habitat on earth, including within and on humans. Spirillum minus: Causes rat-bite fever: Spirillum minus. It is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria ( Fig. Unconventional Ways of Finding a Mate. Characteristics of the five phyla of bacteria are described. The two prokaryotic domains (Archaea and Bacteria) each comprise several smaller taxonomic groupings. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, have no nucleus, and lack organelles. Although there are hypotheses, no one yet knows exactly why archaea are all "friendly," i.e., why no disease-causing species have evolved. An object must measure about 100 micrometers (m) to be visible without a microscope, but most microorganisms are many times smaller than that. (a) Members of the Coronavirus family can cause respiratory infections like the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Test. The Gram staining method is named after its inventor, Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram (18531938). Many also have a capsule or slime layer made of polysaccharide. Name two types of protists and two types of fungi. Patients rights must be respected. There have also been rare cases of exposure to CJD through contact with contaminated surgical equipment15 and from cornea and growth-hormone donors who unknowingly had CJD.1617 In rare cases, the disease results from a specific genetic mutation that can sometimes be hereditary. Scientists estimate there may be millions of prokaryotic species (or species-like groups), but we know very little about most of them. The EEG resembles that of a patient with a neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimers or Huntingtons, but Coras rapid cognitive decline is not consistent with either of these. biology before. In transduction, bacteriophages, the viruses that infect bacteria, may move short pieces of chromosomal DNA from one bacterium to another. All prokaryotes have plasma membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, a cell wall, DNA, and lack membrane-bound organelles. The relative sizes of various microscopic and nonmicroscopic objects. Bacteria & antibiotics Pseudomonas bacteria The cell wall is the target for antibiotics, as well as for carbohydrates that our immune system uses to detect infection. Key points: Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archaea. By sequencing and analyzing metagenome DNA samples, scientists can sometimes piece together entire genomes of previously unknown species. Only the single-celled organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are classified as prokaryotes. The complete results of this study can be found in: Some scientists turn to genetics and to the principle of the molecular clock, which holds that the more recently two species have diverged, the more similar their genes (and thus proteins) will be. Direct link to Alexander Wu's post Did Archea and Bacteria b, Posted 6 years ago. Representative micrograph: Clostridium dificile, a rod-shaped bacterium. Direct link to Nikhil Chowdhury's post are there are any multi c, Posted 4 years ago. Gram-positive organisms typically lack the outer membrane found in Gram-negative organisms (Figure 8). What is the difference between Archea and Bacteria? has 1738 genes, 56% of which are new to science, but with eukaryotic-like information processing and secretion systems. Humans do have bacteria in their saliva and stomach that we use to break down things we need, but we can't make that ourselves. Want to create or adapt books like this? However, recent studies have . These considerations place a general upper limit on cell size, with eukaryotic cells being able to exceed prokaryotic cells thanks to their structural and metabolic featureswhich well explore in the next section. The timelines of divergence suggest that bacteria (members of the domain Bacteria) diverged from common ancestral species between 2.5 and 3.2 billion years ago, whereas the Archaea diverged earlier: between 3.1 and 4.1 billion years ago. For instance, although archaea also have a cell wall, it's not made out of peptidoglycanalthough it does contain carbohydrates and proteins. Some plant cells are, in fact, cube-shaped. Monera (/mnr/) (Greek - (monrs), "single", "solitary") is a biological kingdom that is made up of prokaryotes.As such, it is composed of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus.. Figure 2. . Fungi are not photosynthetic, and their cell walls are usually made out of chitin rather than cellulose. Direct link to asd0105as's post From paragraph 10 to 16, , Posted 6 years ago. Some are free-living, whereas others are parasitic, only able to survive by extracting nutrients from a host organism. For example, bacteriology is the study of bacteria; mycology is the study of fungi; protozoology is the study of protozoa; parasitology is the study of helminths and other parasites; and virology is the study of viruses (Figure 1.21). The Archaea may also have most of these cell surface features, but their versions of a particular feature are typically different from those of bacteria. Some cells also use geometric tricks to get around the surface-area-to-volume problem. These are just two examples of life-and-death decisions that may intersect with the religious and philosophical beliefs of both the patient and the health-care professional. Note that a typical virus measures about 100 nm, 10 times smaller than a typical bacterium (~1 m), which is at least 10 times smaller than a typical plant or animal cell (~10100 m). Some archaea live in the human body, but none have been shown to be human pathogens. Spirochetes: Most members of this species, which has spiral-shaped cells, are free-living anaerobes, but some are pathogenic. to find each other. These three processes of DNA exchange are shown in Figure 9. In these cells the genetic material is organized into chromosomes in the cell nucleus. Like a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell has a plasma . spiral-shaped ones as spirilla, and comma-shaped bacteria as vibrio. Teichoic acids may be covalently linked to lipids in the plasma membrane to form lipoteichoic acids. Science 273, 1058 (Aug. 23, 1996) Complete Genome Sequence Large colonies of microscopic fungi can often be observed with the naked eye, as seen on the surface of these moldy oranges. Protozoa (singular: protozoan) are protists that make up the backbone of many food webs by providing nutrients for other organisms. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post No, there are not known m, Posted 2 years ago. Most are free-living anaerobes, but some are pathogenic. Major bacterial phyla include the Proteobacteria, the Chlamydias, the Spirochaetes, the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, and the Gram-positive bacteria. Characteristics of bacterial phyla are described in Figure 4 and Figure 5. Introduction to Cell Division and Cancer, 16. You have spent three and a half billion years practicing Representative micrograph: Treponema pallidum, a corkscrew-shaped bacterium. Plasmids, which consist of extra-chromosomal DNA, are also present in many species of bacteria and archaea. Figure 1.13 shows examples of these shapes. Direct link to tyersome's post I'd never heard of them, . There are also other less common types of bacteria such as star or rectangular shaped ones. Cyanobacteria: also known as blue-green algae, these bacteria obtain their energy through photosynthesis. The differences are summarized in the table below. Prokaryotes, which include both bacteria and archaea, are found almost everywhere in every ecosystem, on every surface of our homes, and inside of our bodies! 1999-2023, Rice University. Domain Bacteria contains 5 5 major groups: proteobacteria, chlamydias, spirochetes, cyanobacteria, and gram-positive bacteria. how will prokaryotes grow in a laboratory? This means that prokaryotes do not have a nucleus; instead, they keep their DNA in a cell region called the nucleoid. With a few cool exceptionscheck out the single-celled seaweed, Suppose, for the sake of keeping things simple, that we have a cell thats shaped like a cube. Fish and Wildlife Service; credit b: James Gathany / CDC; Public Domain), C. Greenaway Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease)., World Health Organization. Representative species include Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis and Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease Micrograph shows corkscrew-shaped Trepanema pallidum, about 1 micron across. Unicellular fungiyeastsare included within the study of microbiology. Viruses are acellular microorganisms, which means they are not composed of cells. The prokaryotic plasma membrane is a thin lipid bilayer (6 to 8 nanometers) that completely surrounds the cell and separates the inside from the outside. Some yeasts have beneficial uses, such as causing bread to rise and beverages to ferment; but yeasts can also cause food to spoil. what cell is used by prokaryotic cells and some other single celled organisms for movement. Eukaryotic chloroplasts are thought to be derived from bacteria in this group. The work further suggests that stromatolites that formed prior to the advent of cyanobacteria (about 2.6 billion years ago) photosynthesized in an anoxic environment and that because of the modifications of the Terrabacteria for land (resistance to drying and the possession of compounds that protect the organism from excess light), photosynthesis using oxygen may be closely linked to adaptations to survive on land. If a nonpathogenic bacterium takes up DNA for a toxin gene from a pathogen and incorporates the new DNA into its own chromosome, it too may become pathogenic. The DNA transferred can be in the form of a plasmid or as a composite molecule, containing both plasmid and chromosomal DNA. The term spirillum is used generally for any of the corkscrew-like species. Eukaryotic mitochondria are thought to be the descendants of alphaproteobacteria, while eukaryotic chloroplasts are derived from cyanobacteria. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. Note that all Gram-positive bacteria belong to one phylum; bacteria in the other phyla (Proteobacteria, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria, and others) are Gram-negative. Direct link to James Leelayuvat's post What is the difference be, Posted 2 years ago. Common shapes include spherical (coccus), rod-shaped (bacillus), or curved (spirillum, spirochete, or vibrio). A special group of spirilla known as spirochetes are long, slender, and flexible. Bacteria are very diverse in form, so not every type of bacterium will have all of the features shown in the diagram. Eukarya later diverged from the archaean line. Within the Archaea are the euryarchaeotes, crenarchaeotes, nanoarchaeotes, and korarchaeotes. Direct link to alex00hf's post Eukaryotic cells they do , Posted 6 years ago. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells found in . Instead, their DNA is circular and can be found in a region called the nucleoid, which floats in the cytoplasm. . (rod-shaped), and spirillum (coiled-spring shaped). If the length of one of the cubes sides is, Thus, as a cell gets bigger, its surface-area-to-volume ratio drops. Humans think this is their era. When working with patients, accurate record-keeping, honest communication, and confidentiality are paramount. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/science/Spirillum-genus-of-bacteria, American Society for Microbiology - Biology of the Chemoheterotrophic Spirilla. If bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes, why does figure 3, the lineage diagram near the top, indicate that archaea and eukarya have a more recent ancestor? The surface-area-to-volume problem is just one of a related set of difficulties posed by large cell size. . Learn. One type is composed of pseudopeptidoglycan, which is similar to peptidoglycan in morphology but contains different sugars in the polysaccharide chain. separate and distinct life forms. Yes! The cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is believed to be the most abundant photosynthetic organism on earth, responsible for generating half the worlds oxygen. Flagella run lengthwise in the periplasmic space between the inner and outer membrane. Agar, a gel derived from algae, can be mixed with various nutrients and used to grow microorganisms in a Petri dish. Explain why or why not. Introduction to Phylogenies and the History of Life, 33. Understanding the Naturalistic Fallacy, 58. Beta Proteobacteria is a diverse group of bacteria. By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: There are many differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Diatoms range in size from 2 m to 200 m and are visualized here using light microscopy. Fungi (singular: fungus) are also eukaryotes. Some species from this subgroup oxidize sulfur compounds. Match. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? Note that features related to DNA replication, transcription and translation in Archaea are similar to those seen in eukaryotes. Cell size does not have much impact on the transport - what really has impact is proximity to the next cell, the junctions between cells in the epithelial tissue and the shape of the cell (the more circular cell the greater surface vs volume ratio). The method of recombinant DNA is designed to exploit you for their This short generation time coupled with mechanisms of genetic recombination and high rates of mutation result in the rapid evolution of prokaryotes, allowing them to respond to environmental changes (such as the introduction of an antibiotic) very quickly. Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease via a Corneal Transplant., National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Molds have been used to make pharmaceuticals, including penicillin, which is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics, and cyclosporine, used to prevent organ rejection following a transplant. Some species also have flagella (singular, flagellum) used for locomotion, and pili (singular, pilus) used for attachment to surfaces including the surfaces of other cells. 55. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Waterford's Energy Flow Through Ecosystems, 118. The figure below shows the sizes of prokaryotic, bacterial, and eukaryotic, plant and animal, cells as well as other molecules and organisms on a logarithmic scale. Prokaryotic cells are normally smaller than eukaryotic cells, with a typical size range of 0.1 to 5 m in diameter. This latter method involved making a small wound on the subjects genitals or elsewhere on the body, and then putting bacteria directly into the wound.13 In 2011, a U.S. government commission tasked with investigating the experiment revealed that only some of the subjects were treated with penicillin, and 83 subjects died by 1953, likely as a result of the study.14. Like all other cells, bacteria have a cell membrane and . Prokaryotic cells come in multiple shapes: cocci (round), baccilli (rods), and spirilla or spirochetes (helical cells). Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane and generally have a single, circular chromosome located in a nucleoid. A micrograph shows rod-shaped Rickettsia rickettsii inside a much larger eukaryotic cell. Their chromosomeusually singleconsists of a piece of circular, double-stranded DNA located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid. You cannot stop. In reverse your motor makes you turn flips or tumble. Molds play a critical role in the decomposition of dead plants and animals. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written D.B. While we typically think of microorganisms as being unicellular, there are also many multicellular organisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope. A eukaryote is an organism with complex cells, or a single cell with a complex structures. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane that contains multiple, rod-shaped chromosomes. In prokaryotes, the DNA (chromosome) is in contact with the cellular cytoplasm and is not in a housed membrane-bound nucleus. Some bacteria are photosynthetic, such as oxygenic cyanobacteria and anoxygenic green sulfur and green nonsulfur bacteria; these bacteria use energy derived from sunlight, and fix carbon dioxide for growth. CJD can have several different causes. Spirillum, genus of spiral-shaped bacteria of the family Spirillaceae, aquatic except for one species (S. minus) that causes a type of rat-bite fever in man. This outer envelope is sometimes referred to as a second lipid bilayer. Prokaryotes are found practically everywhere, from inside other organisms (like digestive bacteria) to in really extreme environments that have high heat or acidity, for example. Reproduction in prokaryotes is asexual and usually takes place by binary fission. This means that your body is actually an ecosystem. . Eukaryotic mitochondria are thought be derived from bacteria in this group. The cube on the left has 1 mm sides, while the cube on the right has 2 mm sides. Cyanobacteria are photosynthesizers, and were probably responsible for the production of oxygen on the ancient earth. On the right plate, which contains hemolytic bacteria, the red agar has turned clear where bacteria are growing. Unfortunately for Cora, CJD is a fatal disease for which there is no approved treatment. . Many also have polysaccharide capsules. Subsequently, the phylum was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by douard Chatton. Only after they branched did the Eukarya branch off from Archea. Prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in that their genetic material is contained in a nucleoid rather than a membrane-bound nucleus. The proteobacteria are subdivided into five groups, alpha through epsilon. Instead, her doctor concludes that Cora has Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). You have a wonderful "motor" for swimming. Blood agar becomes transparent in the presence of hemolytic, This represents a pretty huge gap in our understanding of what prokaryotes are out there. Some molds can cause allergies, and others produce disease-causing metabolites called mycotoxins. Typical prokaryotic cells range from 0.1 to 5.0 micrometers (m) in diameter and are significantly smaller than eukaryotic cells, which usually have diameters ranging from 10 to 100 m. Subjects of the study included Guatemalan soldiers, prisoners, prostitutes, and psychiatric patientsnone of whom were informed that they were taking part in the study. mitochondria and chloroplasts. The different bacterial responses to the staining procedure are ultimately due to cell wall structure. Chlamydias are pathogens that live inside host cells, while cyanobacteria are photosynthesizers that make much of Earth's oxygen. The other three types of cell walls are composed of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or pure protein. Formation of Organic Molecules in an Earthly Reducing Atmosphere, 65. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website.

Mythical Chef Josh Girlfriend, Influencer Marketing Write For Us, Daily Pay Jobs Craigslist, Elden Ring Best Quality Build, Kane, Pa Police Reports, Articles I